MALAYSIAN WOMEN WRITERS

Makalah yang saya sampaikan di dalam seminar di Universiti Chulalongkorn baru sahaja diterbitkan oleh pihak penganjur. Bahagian pertama ditulis oleh Dr. Norhayati manakala saya menulis bahagian kedua di bawah tajuk The Road I Have Taken. Saya turunkan sekali lagi di sini.

Malaysian Women Writers: The Road I have Taken

Zurinah Hassan

Norhayati Ab. Rahman

Academy of Malay Studies

University of Malaya

Abstract

The first part of the paper is an introduction to characteristics of women’s literature writings in Malaysia in the aspects of content, language and style, and the need for gynocriticism or “the study of women as writers.” The emergence, involvement and contributions of Malaysian women writers in the development of literature and intellectualism in novels is traced to the pioneering figuresfrom Ibu Zain, KamariahSaadon, Jahlelawati to Adibah Amin, Khadijah Hashim, Zaharah Nawawi, Fatimah Busu and Azmah Nordin. Based on the developments, methodologies and styles of novel writing among women writers in Malaysia,the contributions of women writers are not limited to enriching the Malay literature treasure, for they also introduce the channeling of idea-thoughts from their own perspectives.Women writers make women’s experience their assets or important bases in the construction of literary works.

The second part of the paper presents an account of personal experience and creative process of a woman writer, focusing on challenges in becoming a female writer in Malaysia, illustrated byher published poems and short stories reflecting the plight of women in her society. This serves as a case study on the growth of a female creative writer amidst traditional and cultural constraints and on how personal experiences are put to literature. It is a harsh journey to be awarded the South East Asian Writers Award (2004) and the Sunthorn Phu Award for Outstanding ASEAN Poet (2013).

Introduction

            A discussion of the emergence and involvement of women in the writing world in Malaysia cannot be complete without addressing leading figures such as Ibu Zain (Hajah ZainonSulaiman, 1903-1989) who strongly advocated education for daughters through her writings in Majalah Guru or BulanMelayu. Ibu Zain was an early prominent Malaysian woman figure who received English education and became a teacher.In 1927, she was appointed the Supervisor of Malay Girls’ School in Johor.She established the first women’s magazine in Malaysia, BulanMelayu (June 1930), which played an important role in creating awareness amongst women on the importance of education.Creative writings in Malaysia (particularly modern fictions) began in 1934, with the production of a short story KesedihanPerkahwinanPaksa (The Misery of Forced Marriage)by Hafsah, published in a magazine, Pengasuh.Later in the same year, a fiction entitled WaktuIsyakMenangkapPencuri written by SitiNurmah, was published.However, novels written by women writers surfaced much later, that is, as late as 1941, about 15 years after the first novel written by a man writer.

            An early novel includedPanggilanIbunda(1948).It portrayed the story of Halimah, a loyal wife left behind by her husband, Salim, who had gone into battle to defend the country.Loyalty is amandatory virtue for every good woman according to the religion and customs of Malay society.They aresignificantly powerful elements in the way of life and thinking of the society.As such, religious belief is an extremely important factor that influences women’s struggle in Malaysia.Whatever the nature of that struggle may be, it should not deviate from the said religious beliefs and customs. The depiction of Halimah in this early novel highlighted the ideal characteristics of a woman who was loyal, faithful, and conforms strictly to the marriage institution, that is, a depiction based onwriting conventions.Although PanggilanIbundastill conforms to the specifications of the traditions, the manner in which the writer tried to alter the position of women in society’s conservative views could be detected.KamariahSaadon attempted to tear down this paradigm by presenting women not only as confined to the domestic sphere but also as projected into the public sphere as seen through the character of Halimah in various environments and social movements in her kampong. Through this novel, the writer also stressed the importance of receiving higher level of education (just like men) by studying in Malay and English schools.In this novel, the writer emphasized the value of consonance amongst women and men in performing their roles towards the society and nation.Although the wants and values of women highlighted were of moderate nature, yet through this novel, the writer had incorporated woman’s soul itself into her character building.The writer placed the woman in the public sphere so that women will no longer be identified through traditional perceptions which is synonymous with the personal sphere.

            Through CincinKahwin (Wedding Ring,1948), the writer, Jahlelawati, highlighted the emotional experience of a young woman, Nirwani, who was forced to marry a man she did not love, Daruan.As a young lady who faithfully obeyed her parents, Wani was pictured as an obedient person.However, the marriage was not a happy one due to the arrogant and philandering nature of her husband.Through this novel, the writer builton the image of a good and honorable woman by portraying one who was patient and smart in the face of domestic problems.Blessed with patience and intelligence, the woman managed to free herself from her doomed marriage and returned to her boyfriend, who loved and cared for her.Although this scenario accentuated conventional features in writing, a more important element shown in this novel was the author’s portrayal of the woman’s efforts in fulfilling her dreams and aspirations. Through her novel, the author championed women’s wants and freedom in determining their own marriage partners.At the same time, the author exposed the disadvantages of a forced marriage or a marriage that is not based on mutual love.

These are some of the early literary works by women writers in Malaysia, which clearly introduced new ideas to the society, particularly in the efforts to elevate women’s status.In this case, the writer suggested a smart way out of an unhappy marriage without rebelling or breaching social values and norms.The narrative strategies organized by the writer suggest that the woman can achieve her freedom through means which do not contradict the religious values, customs and norms of her society.

Such features were more prevalent in post-independence literatures, in novels such as SerojaMasih Di Kolam(1968) by Adibah Amin, and Badai Semalam(1968) by Khadijah Hashim. For example, BadaiSemalam related the struggle and perseverance of a woman to realize her dream of continuing her studies to university level.Through the central character of Mazni, the writer focused on a woman who was determined, patient and committed to achieving her ambition.This was seen as somewhat advanced for a poor Malay woman at that time.Mazni’s earnestness to continue her studies after marrying the only child of a wealthy familyincreased the awareness amongst women to strive to develop and possess autonomous qualities.Mazni was depicted as rejecting dependence on men (including her own husband) to the extent of putting aside her feelings of love and emotions for the sake of achieving her personal goal.Through this novel, the writer brought to the fore the image of a woman of the new generation who is modern in her thinking, ambitious, and willing to work hard to realize her dreams.

Based on the narrative technique and style of this novel, it can be seen that the writer had begun to leave behind the conventional featuresand instead adopted a feature of invention in her authorship.This can be seen through the portrayal of the character of Mazni which showsthat women can possess their own space, free from the shackles of patriarchy;that they were becoming more vocal, high spirited; that they displayed intellectual and rational characteristics, and were capable of discovering a way out of their sufferings.Generally, this novel was regarded as successful in breaking down the traditional social values which do not prioritize education for daughters.By portraying the characters of women in this manner, the writer brought to the fore the idea of producing highly educated women in the society. As such, this first novel of Khadijah Hashim is considered an important milestone in women’s struggle for rights and status in society from their own perspective.The invention features are also partly exhibited in the writing of this novel.

By the 1970s, women writers became increasingly creative and innovative by deviating from the conventional features of novel writing.The invention characteristics are increasingly obvious as seen in Fatimah Busu’s writing of OmbakBukanBiru(1977). This novel manifests the writer’s courage to break away from tradition by championing the wishes of a Malay teacher, Imrah, in the 1970s,who vocally and firmly fought for the rights of women to determine their own wishes and choices in life.However, these reforms pioneered by Fatimah Busu did not leave an overall impact because such style was not continued by subsequent writers.Fatimah Busu’scourage and strength were later extended in Salam Maria (2004).The direction of Maria Zaitun’s struggle was, nevertheless, different from the struggle of Imrah.Through this novel, the writer brought to the fore solid as well as attractive Islamic features, and provided a lot of information and teachings to improve both the relationship between man and God and the relationship amongst men.

Salam Maria tells the story of a woman named Maria Zaitun, an unmarried woman who realized her love for God.The writer applied the woman’s experience in a society that looks down on spinsters.They are called ‘anak dara tua’ (old maids), are prejudiced against, and are hurled various slanders and insults at.Maria Zainal’sexperience as an unmarried woman became more difficult because members of the society not only isolated her but also considered her an enemy; she was hated by all.This depiction reflects society’s fears of unmarried women to the extent that it denied them the opportunity to conduct their lives normally like everybody else.Through this novel, the writer came forward in defense of women by showing that this particular group is sometimes nobler and of higher stature than others in the eyes of God.Based on her narrative strategy, the writer’s thoughts are conveyed to the reader that the status and position of an individual in this world are not determined amongst men themselves, but instead by God.Also, the writer hoped for the birth of a new generation of women who arecapable of voicing the truth, of undertaking actions to prevent wrongdoings and of eradicating social ills rampant in the society.In this way, the writer played the role of a thinker and a social critic who helped developand refine the ethics of society, in line with the demands of the Malay civilization.

The novelMenongkahLumrah(1996) by AzmahNordin was among the literary works that depicted a woman’s intelligence in facing professional challenges in the corporate world.The writer built on the character of Zakiyyah as an educated woman who is active, creative, as well as ambitiousand highly motivated. Her competitiveness and efficiency in understanding and solving problems enabled her to surpass the achievements of her male colleagues.By introducing an empowered woman, the writer obviously contradicted the subordinate attributes of women as often portrayed in men’s writings. Zakiyyah’s presence and competitiveness in the company was opposed by the male power majority, represented by the various vice presidents of the company such as Thomas Bernet, Kamarul Arafat, Rafaei, Peter Woo, Kundangai and Charles Abdullah.They represented a group who refused to accept the fact that women are equally capable of being in a position of the same level as men.In this case, the writer no longer conformed to the traditional characteristics of a woman, such as inferiority, loyalty and unquestioning respect towards her husband, that is, the desirable qualities of a woman as determined and required by the Malay society(Omar, 1994, p.29).Instead, the writer depicted Zakiyyah as aconfident woman, a wife who does not blindly declare her loyalty and declines to respect her husband if he does not respect her both as his wife and as a woman.Through this depiction, the writer revealed how a woman produces a text based on the intelligence of the mind (in line with feminists’ recommendations that women generate texts from the brain).

The author also showed that women are capable of achieving success in a transparent and sincere manner, which all at once warded off the prejudice that women manipulated their physical assets as a means to acquire luxury and success in life.To challenge this prejudice, the writer portrayed Zakiyyah as a woman who is diligent, hardworking as well as very committed in handling her work.Her career started at the lower level as a sweeper at the firm. She then continued her studies, and when she returned with a degree, she was appointedonly as an office assistant. She carried out her works with full commitment;her performance was outstanding and improved in the course of time.Zakiyyah was depicted as a robust woman who was smart in solving problems of the company.Her ability and determination saved the company millionsof Ringgit in losses, which boosted her self-image to a ‘hero’ and gave credit to her achievements in the company.Zakiyyah’s character showed that women’s involvement in the public space was a stiff competition to male colleagues.This issue was highlighted by the writer as a symbolic challenge of the unfair perception of women.At the same time it emphasized the idea that women can also succeed and excel in the corporate world.The efforts of the writer here was not only limited to the perception of women in the literary world, in fact, it offered the hope of elevating women to prestigious positions in the nation’s real corporate world.

Although most women writers in Malaysia raise criticisms against men and the patriarchal society, their criticisms are still found to be objective in their recognition of men’s status quo.This is evident through the writer’s assessment that not all men have negative attitudes towards women and not every man treats women unfairly.In fact, the writer acknowledged the existence of men who are considerate, who respect and appreciate women, as the characters of Datuk PanglimaBurhan and PanglimaMukhlis in MenongkahLumrah, Rahim in Isteri, Dali in JalurSinar Di CelahDaun, and Aziz and his father in Salam Maria.In such portrayals, the male charactersare built objectively and are given important and distinctive social positions as reflected in reality.The majority of women writers in Malaysia accept that women do need men, just like men need women, in order for their lives to be complete.

This stance illustrates the compliance of women writers in Malaysia with the socio-cultural value system, which is strengthened by the teachings of Islam according to which men and women are mutually dependent on each other.Hence, as Malay women writers of the Islamic faith, these writers obviously conform to the societal values, which include, above all else, religious teachings.As such, what they expressed is not a struggle to free women from men or from the existing social values.Instead, they displayed the wishes and desires to expunge negative perceptions, exploitation and discrimination of women, and to shift society’s perspectives concerning gender justice.These desires underlie women’s demands for their appropriate rights as provided by Islam and in the Constitution of Malaysia.

Based on the early novels discussed above, it can be seen that women writers’ depictions of women were not too drastically different from those of male writers.Although women were depicted as highly educated and career-driven, after marriage these women were still expected to play the five main roles as specified in the PancaDarmaWanita.However, the women writers in the early 1930s attempted to apply specific features in highlighting real-life experiences of women, i.e., in displaying the emotions of joys and sorrows, and in expressingtheir desires and dislikes.However, these specific features were not outstanding enough and were still peripheral in nature compared to the other aspects of convention which had greater control over writing styles. The features that were more noticeable in thesenovels were the experiences of the women whose lives are subjected to the customs and values which confine and oppress them.The writers showed that generally women at that time were still not free to realize their own dreams and visions as they were still bound by their domestic roles, the influence of men and societal values.Hence, although the writers tried to voice their demands for the rights and status of women, their voice and bravery at that time were still drowned by the dominance of patriarchy.

            It is therefore evident that women writers in Malaysia have endeavored to express their experiences in the effort to elevate the status and prestige of women.At the same time, repeated attempts were made by these women writers to deviate from the male dominant system.For this purpose, they revealed a unique way of narrating by not adhering to the conventional writing styles, specifically the ones practiced by men writers.As such, women writers at this stage exhibited attempts to dismantle the narrating style through the presentation of women’s experiencesas well as through a different usage of language.

            Based on the developments, methodology and style of novel writing among women writers as discussed above, it can be seen that the contributions of women writers are not limited to enriching the Malay literature treasure, for they also introduce the channeling of idea-thoughtsfrom their own perspectives. From their novels, it is found that generally the works of women writers in Malaysia include the following characteristics:

1.      attempts to possess their own space

2.      refusal to submit to the influence of patriarchy

3.      expressions of their desires and choices

4.      emphasis on women’s intellectual and rational characteristics

5.      expressions of women’s real-life experiences

6.      projection of women into the public sphere

This discussion wishes to stress that it is only when attention is given to the products of women writers that we can project women’s role as the presenter of textual meaning.Changes to the search scope, by focusing on voice, vision, taste, dreams, instincts, and all within the ambit of women’s experience, are important to know and understand women and their authorship.This is because women writers make women’s experiences their assets or important bases in the construction of their literary works.Textual meanings that are produced by women writers are not only related to their individual personal needs and wants, but instead reflect the situation and condition of the society that produced it.At the same time, these texts highlight the existence of literary products or art as the socio-cultural documents of Malay society, which can be adopted in drafting the development of a literary institution and society, now or in the future.

The Road I Have Taken: A Case Study of One Woman Writer

There is an English saying (or is it a proverb?) along the lines of “Girls are to be seen and not heard.” When I was a young girl, I took it as an advice of the elderly on manners and etiquettes, given in good intention of making us sweet and adorable as girls should be.As a grown up,I look back at the proverb and understand more. It means since you are a female, please shut up because nobody is asking for your opinion.

I grew up in a village in the northern part of Malaysia at the time when girls were kept indoors. In that environment, the above saying might as well have been “Girls are neither to be seen nor heard.”Luckily there was a radio in the house that supplied some remedy from boredom. I listened to songs, which in those days have beautiful and meaningful lyrics. The more traditional tunes used pantun (a traditional Malay poetry) as lyrics. Listening to them, I came to learn and appreciate the beauty of words and encountered the poetic value in my language. I roamed the gardens, the seas and mountains described in the songs, and picked up beautiful expressions which kindled my imaginations and nurtured my love for poetry. That is how I began to write. As I have said earlier, I was brought up to think that a girl should not speak or exert her voice. But I have so much to say,and therefore the only way out was to write them down. I began writing pantun and some simple rhyming verses, and I have not stopped writing to this day.

I went to the village school when there were still debates among parents whether it was worthwhile to send daughters to school, especially whether they should be allowed to continue schooling after standard six.This is partially because secondary schools were only to be found in towns. To send girls to secondary schools would  involve too much trouble and too much risk. Luckily I was the first grand daughter that my grandmother had allowed to go to secondary school. That was around 1960.

I commuted every day to the school in town,twelve kilometers away.It was not easy, at twelve years old, to get up early to catch the six a.m. bus, and later in the hot afternoon to walk among the traffic looking for a bus home. We spent hours traveling and had limited time to study and do our homework. Many of us did not do well in class and failed the Form Three exam that we had to take to continue into Form Four, which further discouraged parents from sending their daughters to secondary schools. Then my aunt (my adopted mother)passed away, and my grandmother grew older and weaker. My grand aunties were always giving advice to my grandmother “We pity you, sister. You are old and always sick. We think you had better stop Zurinah from schooling. She should stay home and look after you.”Luckily she did not listen to them. (Later I wrote a short story on my life with my grandmother and the relatives’ advice to terminate my schooling in a short story entitled Nenek or Grandmother. This story won the National Literary Prize).

I found and frequented a book store next to the bus station. I saved money to buy newspapers and magazines in order to follow the development of writing and literary activities in my country. There was a special page every Wednesday in a leading newspaper called “Student Page” where students can send in their poetry and short essays. I became a regular contributor. In between school work and especially during long school holidays, I devoted much time to writing poetry. I liked to be alone, sitting under the trees and walking around in the compound, especially in the evenings, composing poems. I was too engrossed in my artistic activity to realize that the elders were watching.Then one day I overheard my grandmother telling a few members of the family that I had been acting strangely, walking from tree to tree. Could I be possessed by some spirit that called me to the trees in the late evenings, the time they believed ghosts were roaming about?

With enthusiasm, I read literary columns and magazines to update my knowledge of the national literary scene, and especially to keep in touch with the activities of other women writers. When I started writing to the media,there were already a handful of female poets and short story writers, but I could not find serious reviews or studies on their products.All attentions and praises were paid to male poets like Usman Awang or A.Latiff Mohidin. Occasionally some male writers would write special articles on women’s involvement in writing ,repeating the same things over and over again, such as:

1.      Women’s writing is of lesser quantity and quality compared to men’s.

2.  Women writers do not write about important issues. They only write about homely or domestic affairs and not international affairs.

3.      Women writers are not committed. They do not last long and disappear after marriage.

Of course I had made observations and reservations regarding the above statements, although it would need lengthy discussions to prove that they are just sweeping statements. We will only focus on the third statement about disappearing women writers.This was something that could not be denied.Most women writers who began earlier than me had become inactive due the odds and setbacks against their aspirations of becoming great writers. What were these odds? There were many. First, let us look at what has been said by Mary Eagleton in the book she edited,Feminist Literary Theory: A Reader (1986). Eagleton pointed out the constraints faced by female writers: “The catalogue of material problems is long, inequalities in the educational system, lack of privacy, the burdens of child bearings and rearing, domestic obligations and the equally decisive restriction of family and social expectation” (Eagleton, 1986:62) 

So, what you see in front of you today is a survivor. There are more who could write and have started to, but failed to overcome the obstacles against them. My own true story is a clear indication ofthe unequal opportunity for education.My grandmother’s worries of my roaming about outside the house only show the beliefthatgirls should not be left alone.She gave some clear instructions that I should be accompanied, and I thereby lost my privacy. My habit of spending too much time with books did not make them happy. They said I should have been cooking and sowing like the other girls who were the pride of their mothers.

The customary and domestic obligations and the burdens of child bearing and rearing were well known factors that suppressed artistic talents.I too have had the experience of having to stay home with my little toddlers, during which period it was impossible to produce anything of literary standard. Later, when I managed to break away,I summed up those depressing situations ina short story entitled Catatan Di Meja Makan(Writing on the Dining Table), first published in 1983 in our national newspaper. The short story is an example of how personal experiences are put to literature.The protagonist is named Hamima, an upcoming short story writer who left her job to look after her small children. She became desperate when the routines of a housewife took her away from her writing (and from herself). Indeed,the protagonist was speaking my own desperation in a life that offered no sense of satisfaction or purpose. Those were the times when I considered myself a failed poet and a failed person. During the period, I wrote very little, partly due to the fatigue of household chores and attending to small children’s constant needs, and the fatigue of suppressed anger and dissatisfaction.I lost contact with the world and the contact with my own being.

When Hamima had no choice but to give up her job to become a full-time housewife, she thought she couldmanage her time:

So I planned my schedule properly. I allocated time for the various tasks of ahousewife, working the hours and minutes needed for cooking, sweeping, ironing ,washing plates, tidying up the kitchen so that I could have sometime left for my writing. I had to be careful if I were to maintain a writer and not die off like so many of them before me.I told myself that I was not going to give up. After all, isn’t there a saying “hendak seri budaya” (you will try a thousand ways if you really want something)? [Zurinah Hassan 1987: 5) translated by the writer.

And later she found out that there is no such thing as time tabling in a housewife job because it is full of the unexpected. There was no way of telling when the child would get sick, at what time he was going to slip and fall,when anyone would smear tomato sauce on the floor. She felt empty and depressed for not being able to write. She envied the men, for it is so easy for them to do anything. For instance, a male writer could sit at the table with his books as long as he wanted to.

Today I managed to steal some time to read the Literature Magazine. There is an interview with our leading novelist Amran Hadi.Bapa Amran was talking about his commitments to writing and also his secret of success. He talked about theunderstanding wife who kept the children away, preventing them from disturbing him so that he could concentrate on his writing. [Zurinah Hassan 1987: 10) translated by the writer.

The novelist, who was a big name, said he was lucky to have such an understanding wife. Hamima sighed. Yes,bapa Imran is lucky,but can she do the same? What would happen to the children if she locked herself up in the room to write? The children would cry for her. They demanded attention and disturbed her even when she wanted to write, even when she was hungry and needed to eat, and even when she was sick and needed a rest.

I was also disturbed by the fact that women were usually isolated from their surrounding.They were usually confined to domestic affairs. A short story entitledSepertiIbu (To Be Like Her Mother)relates how a village girl, Tijah, was brought up to help her mother and to become just like her mother. She got up in the morning and followed the routines set for her. She lookedafter the younger siblings and was responsible for everything that happenedat home while her mother worked in the padi field. Tijah sometimes questioned why her elder brother Ahmad did not have to do anything, and why their parents did not treattheir sons and daughters equally.

How lucky to be Ahmad. He is older but need not wash plates. Ahmad need not carry the younger siblings. Ahmad can play as he likes and can go anywhere he likes. Ahmad will not be scolded if the house is messy and dirty. Tijah will be blamed for any mishappenings. Mother always nagged at her and mother said all is done for her own good because Tijah is a girl.Tijah will one day get married. She will be a wife and a mother with a house and children to look after.”[Zurinah Hassan 1987: 78) translated by the writer.

Tijah observed that whenever the people from the government office came to give a talk at the open space near the village headman’s house, father would go with the men folks to listen to them. She envied Ahmad because he was free to follow them. But her mother and the other women never went since they had so much to do at home.

Beside the short stories quoted above, there are more stories on the problems of being a woman, and the problemsof being a woman and a writer.SitiHawa Dan Pengembara Yang Singgah (SitiHawa and the Traveler Who Stop by) is about a student anda promising poet named SitiHawa having a romantic relationship with Andy, a visiting lecturer who is himself a poet and a literary critique.Andy assured Hawa of her talent andencouraged her to pursue her artistic aspirations. To be a successful writer, she should travel and see the world and break away from social and cultural bondage. Hawa finally decided against it because she could not leave behind a beloved and sickly mother.Apart fromCatatan Di MejaMakanand SitiHawa Dan Pengembara Yang Singgah,there are other stories that depict the plight of female writers and women as a whole.Anita is about a dedicated school teacher who is often prejudiced by the people around only because she is not married.PerjalananSendiri (My Journey) portrays a lady officer with a stressful life juggling between her official workload and child rearing and the need to please her in-laws andneighbors.

My main involvement in literature is poetry. It is for poetry that I received the SEA Write Award in 2004 and The SunthornPhu Award in 2013. There are many poems befitting the feminist voices as analyzed by Dr.Suzana Muhammad (UniversitiSains Malaysia) in her paper “The Development of Woman Identity: Feminist Approaches to Selected Poems ofZurinahHassan.” One such poem is the “Message of the Princess of Mount Ledang to Sultan Mahmud.” The Princess of Mount Ledang was a mythical character,unearthly, magical, mysterious, and of course described as exceptionally beautiful.She dwelt at Mount Ledangin the southern area of Peninsular Malaysia visible from the palace of the Malacca Sultan. As the story goes, the sultan was looking for a queen after the demise of his consort.This time around, the sultan was determined to marry someoneor something different from an ordinary human princess as he wanted to be different and far above anyone else. That was how he got the idea of asking for the hand of the Princess of Mount Ledang.

The Sultan sent his men up the mountain to ask for her hand in marriage, causing much hardship and unnecessary death to his subjects. It was a hazardous journey, and even Hang Tuah, the famous Malay warrior, failed to reach the top. Only Tun Mamat succeeded to the summit and entered the garden of the Princess. But he could not see the Princess,and only conveyed the sultan’s proposal through Dang Raya Rani who was the princess’s chief lady in waiting.The beautiful princess sent her famous message to the Sultan through Tun Mamat.

            The Message From Princess Of Mount Ledang to Sultan Mahmud

            Tun Mamat

            Convey this message to the Sultan

            Bring these as my dowry

            If he wishes to marry me.

            Build me a bridge of gold and another of silver

            Bring me germs and mosquitoes seven trays of their hearts

            Vessels full of tears and juice of young beetle nuts

            From the king and his prince a bowl each of their blood.

            Honestly

            I knew from the start

            That he is willing to construct the bridge of misery

            Let the people carry the trays of agony

            And bear the burden of heavy vessels of tears

            Rack their life with flame of his own desire

            Provided he could escape the fire.

            Tun Mamat,

            These conditions only show my rejection

            As his queen I refuse to be

            Seeing my life a murky reflection

            I am not Tun Fatimah

            With the skill to forgive cruelty

            I am not Tun Kudu

            Who could be forced to agree

            It’s enough with Hang Li Po

            Wrapped up as a gift, a legacy

            Or Tun Teja who tripped and fell

            The lover she followed was only a shadow.

            Let Mount Ledang stand tall, a reminder to all

            Of a flower that survived and remained free

            Untouched by the royal fancy

            Even a woman can choose to disagree

            Even a king has his turn

to admit being beaten.[Translated by the poet] [Zurinah Hassan: 2010: 26,27) 

This proposal is an episode in the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). The story may not have been historically true. The princess may not have existed. But the writer of the Sejarah Melayu has constructed the story as a medium to criticize the Sultan for his unjust rule of the country and his cruelty especially to women, treating them as if they have no heart and soul.The Princess of Mount Ledang proposed these conditions of the dowry as a way of refusing to marry him. As for the Sultan, this was the first time anyone said no to him. The princess was the first woman to succeed in showing the Sultan that he too must be able to accept rejection. The important point in “Message of the Princess of Mount Ledang to Sultan Mahmud” is the exertion of a woman’s right to decide and take control of herself and her life. That the princess was able to speak her mind showed that women have freedom of expression. As I put in my poem:

Let Mount Ledang stand tall, a reminder to all

Of a flower that survived and remained free

Untouched by the royal fancy

Even a woman can choose to disagree

Even a king has his turn

to admit being beaten.

Besides the “Princess of Mount Ledang,” there are more legendary figures in the Malay Annals, one of which is Princess Hang Li Po.

The Voyage of Princess Hang Li Po(Original title: Pelayaran Hang Li Po)

The beautiful Princess Hang Li Po

In the voyage to Melaka

Crying in agony

So young and so tender

To be torn from her mother

Like a shoot from its root

She’d rather die

Drowned by the ocean

Than to lose the loving touch of her parents

Is this her fate her destiny

To be delivered as a gift,

Wrapped as a commodity

Shipped to Melaka

As a bride and a donation

That would strengthen the nation

Her mother, Her Majesty, The Maharani

Had spoken in tears

My beloved Li Po, please be brave

This fact we have to face

You and me what we are born to be

As queens and princesses

We do not own ourselves

Marriage for us is not a personal decision

It is a state arrangement, a political mission.

Do not cry for your father

He is a man, and a king

He loves you as a daughter

But his kingdom is everything

He laughs and cries for the nation

The kingdom demands his attention

First the reign over his land

Family happiness comes second.

Yes Li Po

Look what history has written

Of empires and nations

Built and strengthened

At the sacrifice and tears of women

While many brought to the end

By misdeed and greed of men. ([Zurinah Hassan: 2010:32,33) translated by the poet)

Princess Hang Li Po was the princess of China betrothed to the Sultan of Melaka as the show of support and protection from the much feared Empire of China to the newly founded nation of  Melaka. The Princess was taken away at a tender age when she still wanted to stay home and be cuddled by her mother.I imagined Hang Li Po’s tears dropping into the ocean for the people she loved. Her mother must have also cried in agony, but they both were women facing patriarchal oppression. As a mother I was very much disturbed and saddened by this mother-daughter separation.It would be heart-breaking for any mother to have her daughter taken away and sent to a place so distant. Given the condition of travel at that time, there was no guarantee of seeing each other again.Hang Li Po was being treated as a commodity shipped to Melaka. Marriage for queens and princesses is not a personal decision but a political mission. Her father, as a man and a king, thought and talked less about family happiness but more about nation building.Hang Li Po was not the only one sacrificed for the sake of the Malacca Sultanate. There have been others, like Tun Teja who ran away for the love of Hang Tuah only to find out that she was to be bestowed to the king. Another known character in the Malay Annals was Tun Kudu, a queen who was divorced by her husband and told to marry a statesman  in exchange for stability. Melaka was built on the sorrow and tears of women, but it eventually fell due to the greed and misdeed of men, as has been the case with so many other nations.

I have written poems about women in the legends, but actually I was talking about the present situation. What happened to them is happening to many women in our time, though in different ways.Even today, there are marriages for reasons other than love.There are marriages of convenience, marriages for family honor,business arrangements, social commitments, and more often to save a woman and her family from the social stigma. There is a high and often unaffordable price of living up to one’s identity and carving one’s own destiny. This is what I said in a poem entitled “Marriage”:

Marriage

-one woman’s opinion

Marriage is the difficulty

Of changing routines and priorities

That make you less yourself

And a woman has to be less her self

In order to be more a woman.

Marriage to a woman

Isa protection

For her who dares not live

On her own identity

It is too costly and too risky. [Zurinah Hassan: 2010: 97) [Translated by The Poet]

Marriage is a priority for many women and societies, and the traditional upbringing instilled in women the anxiety of remaining single. Even up to the present time some young girls sacrifice advancement incareer for a marriage prospect much to the loss of their nations.In a poem “Salam Perempuan Dari Penjara,” (A Woman’s Greeting From Prison, 60-61[S1] )I looked at a woman’s journey through life as a procession which no one dares to divert from. It is a procession where everyone walked to a fixed destiny:

She and her sisters

in a procession to their day

while within this wall

they have not lived at all.[ Zurinah Hassan: 2010:71)

As I have mentioned earlier, there are women who marry for the sake of freeing themselves from social stigma. As for choosing their life partners, the elders told their girls not to be choosy and told their boys to choose their bride properly.This depressing situation gave rise to a poem“SatuCatatanSingkat” (A Short Conversation):

            A man is free to limit his choice

            A woman limits her choice to free herself. (Zurinah Hassan: 2010: pp.104-105) translated by the poet.

To be born a woman, there is not much that you can do but pray to God for his protection and guidance. As I wrote in “Nyanyian Menidurkan Halini” (A Lullaby to Halini), in which I told a girl to be strong:

Don’t cry anymore

You must learn to value your tears

Don’t let it fall

on any wrong shoulders.

May you grow up Halini

With courage and confidence

Put your trust in God

Youwill really need him

Because you are born a woman. (Zurinah Hassan: 2010:94-95).

These are some poems and short stories depicting female depression especially for those born at about the same time and in the same place as I was. Where literary production is concerned, things have changed. Gone are the days where you have to hurt your arms and shoulders on the typewriter.You save the journey to the post office and the risk of getting your laboriously prepared manuscript lost in the post. The computer has arrived to the joy of all writers. The process of producing manuscript is cut down drastically. Now it looks as if anyone can be a writer by just typing on the keyboard and email it to the editor, or directly publish it in their own blogs and numerous web sides open to anyone at all.E-literature is in fashion. Your writings can be published online sometimes even without having to go through editorial screening.In my country, there is an influx of popular novels, and many women writers are making names and money. Of course this look like a happy ending, if only we can be sure that we are producing literature and not otherwise.

The road I have taken is long and winding,paved with sharp and coarse gravels. If not for love and passion, I would not have reached anywhere.

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